HORIZONTAL SEED DISPERSAL BY DUNG BEETLES REDUCED SEED AND SEEDLING CLUMPING, BUT DID NOT INCREASE SHORT-TERM SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT.

Horizontal seed dispersal by dung beetles reduced seed and seedling clumping, but did not increase short-term seedling establishment.

Dung beetles are secondary seed dispersers, incidentally moving many of the seeds defecated by mammals vertically (seed burial) and/or horizontally as they process and relocate dung.Although several studies have quantified this ecological function of dung beetles, very few have followed seed fate until seedling establishment, and most of these have

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Vasculature of the distal part of optic nerve

Background/Aim.Vascularisation of the distal, namely intracranial and intracanalicular parts of the optic nerve have not been explained in conventional textbooks of anatomy, while there have been explanations of proximal, that is intraorbital segment.The aim of this research was to study the pattern of arterial supply of the intracranial and intrac

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